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Understanding DNA Tests and Our Science


An Overview of DNA Testing
Which Test is Right For Me?
FAQs about Various Tests
Our Experts
Our Laboratories
Glossary
Peoples of the World (photo album)
Books for Sale on Site
References and Suggestions for Further Reading
DNA Links

An Overview of DNA Testing for Genealogy

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the biological material that contains the blueprint and instructions for all function and development of living organisms.  By examining and analyzing DNA, we can compare your genes to those of millions of people all over the planet.  DNA analysis can be used for many purposes; we use it to provide genealogical information about your ancestry.

The DNA Fingerprint Test will analyze your DNA sample against 16 standard STR markers, also called CODIS markers. (CODIS stands for Combined DNA Index System, and it probably sounds familiar if you watch any of television’s popular procedural crime shows like CSI.)  You can learn more about CODIS at the FBI website.

CODIS markers are also used in relationship testing such as paternity tests. See what samples can be used.

Other tests look for different markers in your DNA. The Premium Male determines 43 marker values or alleles in your Y chromosome (provided you are a male). The Premium Female establishes the mutations in two control regions of the mitochondrial DNA passed to you by your mother. Learn more about Male, Female and Combo tests. 

Which Test is Right For Me?

In the past, using DNA to research one’s ancestry was dependent on which gender of relative was available to test, and then the results were confined to just the “outside” male-male or female-female lines. Today, there are other options, including the ability to test one’s entire genome, regardless of gender. Genome-wide testing with the DNA Fingerprint Test reflects your entire ancestry.

There are many tests available but which one to take will depend on your particular research goals. Take our DNA Wizard Quiz to learn which products are right for you.

FAQs about Various Tests

General FAQs
FAQs about the DNA Fingerprint Plus
About the DNA Fingerprint Test

Neanderthal Q&As

Our Experts

The geneticists at our laboratories are some of the best in the world. But, we don’t stop at the list of numbers produced by the lab work.

Our staff members are degreed professionals in history, philology and the social sciences, and they can translate your number sets into a meaningful historical story, based on extensive knowledge of world history, population studies and genealogy sources. Your DNA analysis will be customized for your personal research goals. This creates a superior ancestry research experience – with a report that you can actually read and understand.

About Our Laboratories

DNA Consultants uses Sorenson Genomics of Salt Lake City, Utah for its DNA processing for sex-linked tests such as the Premium Combo DNA Test.    

We rely on Chromosomal Laboratories of Phoenix for processing of DNA profiles for our autosomal products, including the DNA Fingerprint Test and DNA Fingerprint Plus.    

Both are AABA and ISO accredited, high-volume forensics and genomics labs with an excellent reputation for providing reliable DNA testing services. Read about their credentials in the following links.

AABB Accreditation
The AABB Parentage Testing Accreditation Program is based on standards for the performance of tests for parentage (not including testing performed on samples where the chain of custody has not been verified by a third party).

College of American Pathologists
Sorenson participates in the College of American Pathologists (CAP) Paternity, Forensic ID, and mtDNA proficiency testing.

The NIST Biotechnology program is to advance the commercialization of biotechnology by developing the scientific/engineering technical base, reliable measurements, standards, data and models to enable U.S. industry to quickly and economically produce biochemical products with appropriate quality control. Sorenson utilizes the NIST Biotechnology standard reference materials for DNA testing.

ISO is a network of national standard institutes from 148 countries working in partnership with international organizations, governments, industry, business and consumer representatives. ISO certification is the most coveted seal of approval in any industry. Sorenson is certified both for genomics and forensics work.

Glossary

Want to know more about any of the terms you have seen on our site? Visit our glossary of genealogy definitions, for more information about the science behind genetic testing, in language you can understand.

Peoples of the World

Watch a presentation with the faces of 140 people from around the world.
Purchase the book for your own!

Books for Sale on Site

Books and Literature

References and Suggestions for Further Reading

African DNA and 'Out of Africa'

Asian DNA

Jewish History and Genetics

Linkage Disequilibrium

Melungeon

mtDNA

Native American DNA

Popular Books and Articles on DNA and History, including Famous Cases

Populations

Race and Ethnicity

Technical Literature on Genotyping, including OmniPop and Forensic Literature

Surname Studies

Reference Key to OmniPop Matches

Validation Study for OmniPop

Toward a Sephardic Haplogroup Profile in the New World

By Elizabeth C. Hirschman and Donald N. Panther-Yates

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Yates & Hirschman, "DNA Haplotyping and Diversity"

Donald N. Yates and Elizabeth Caldwell Hirschman, "DNA Haplotyping and persity: An Anthropogenealogical Method for Researching Lineages and Family Ethnicity." Paper published in the Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on diversity in Organisations, Communities and Nations, Los Angeles, Calif., July 6-9, 2004. PURCHASE for $3.70 (pdf file) or $7.40 (bound offprint).

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World Migration Map 1

World Migration Map 2

Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup migrations. Courtesy The New York Times.